INFORMATION 

FOR 

NATURALIZATION 

OF 

ALIENS 


REVISED EDITION. 



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JOHN SANJEAN 









INFORMATION 

FOR 

NATURALIZATION 

OF 

ALIENS 


CONTENTS 

1. Law and Procedure. 

2. General Information. 

3. Questions With Their Answers Relating 
to the United States, State, City and 
Town Governments. 

4. Historical Dates, and Events. 

5. Presidents of the United States. 

6. The Declaration of Independence. ^ 

7. The Constitution of the United States. 


REVISED EDITION. 


AUTHOR 
JOHN SANJEAN 

707-708 PEMBERTON BUILDING 
BOSTON, MASS. 
COPYRIGHTED, 1915 






PREFACE. 


The Author is convinced that a brief yet 
^comprehensive summary of the laws relative 
to naturalization is an absolute necessity for 
'the assistance of aliens who desire to become 
'^citizens of the United States. 

This pamphlet contains all the essential 
facts with regard to which the applicant may 
expect to be interrogated, and embodies such 
instruction as to procedure as the Author in 
his capacity as instructor on the law of natu¬ 
ralization has found most helpful to the can¬ 
didate for citizenship. 

He trusts that this pamphlet will be found 
useful, also, to the public in general. 

Cambridge, Mass., March 24, 1915- ** 



S)CI.A415482 


2 


NOV 10 1915 niA . t 



, 


LAW AND PROCEDURE. 

WHERE ALIENS MAY BECOME 
NATURALIZED. 

> 1 . Aliens (male or female) desiring to be¬ 

come citizens of the United States may obtain 
naturalization papers at the United States Dis- 
trict Court, within the State where they reside. 
^ II. Also at any Court of record in any 
State, having a seal; a clerk and jurisdiction in 
r actions at law or equity, or law and equity, in 
which the amount in controversy is unlimited, 
or at any other Court authorized to issue same. 

Note: Those living in cities or towns in the 
vicinity of Boston will find it convenient to ap¬ 
ply for their papers at the United States District 
Court, Clerk’s Office, Post Office Building, Bos¬ 
ton, Mass. 

ALIENS WHO MAY BECOME 
NATURALIZED. 

I. Any person who is a White or African de¬ 
scent. 

II . Any person who can speak the English 

language and sign his name in his own hand 
writing. ... 

III. Any person who is not a disbeliever in 
or opposed to organized government or a mem¬ 
ber of or affiliated with any organization or 
body of persons teaching disbelief in organized 
government. 

IV. Any person who is not a polygamist nor 
a believer in the practice of polygamy. 

V. Any person who is not an anarchist nor 
a believer in anarchy. 

3 


WHAT IS NECESSARY TO BECOME 
NATURALIZED. 

FIRST PAPER and SECOND PAPER. 

Two papers are necessary before an Alien 
can become a naturalized citizen. They are 
known as the First Paper and Second Paper. 
The Alien must first file his Declaration of In¬ 
tention, second his Petition for Naturalization. 

Applicants under all circumstances must ap¬ 
pear in person. 

FIRST PAPER. 

Special Notes. 

1. Any person upon his arrival within the 
United States may obtain his First Paper. 

2. All persons must obtain First Paper in 
order to become naturalized regardless of their 
age at the time of their arrival within the United 
States. 

3. All persons must apply under their orig¬ 
inal names. 

4 . First Paper is not valid seven years after 
its issuance. 

PREREQUISITES. 

I. The applicant must be eighteen years of 

age. 

II. The applicant will be required to fill in a 
blank which will be furnished by the Clerk of 
the Court at his request. If he is unable to fill 
his leisure if he so desires. 

Note:—The applicant must pay a fee of one 
dollar, accompanying the following blank. 

some other person, and may fill in this blank at 
in this blank he may obtain the assistance of 

4 


FACTS FOR DECLARATION OF 
INTENTION. 

Department of Commerce and Labor 
Naturalization Service 

Name: . Age:.years. 

(Do not abbreviate any part of name by initial or 
otherwise.) 

Occupation: . 

Color:.Complexion:. 

Height: ... feet ... inches. Weight ... pounds. 

Color of hair:.Color of eyes:. 

Other visible distinctive marks: . 

Where born: ., . 

Date of birth:..... 

Present residence:..... 

Emigrated from:.... .. 

Name of vessel: . 

Last place of foreign residence:... 

I am now a subject of and intend to renounce al¬ 
legiance to* (See note.) . 


Date of arrival in United States:-- ----- 

Port of arrival: .. . 

* Note.—If applicant is a citizen of a foreign 
Republic he should fill in the following line in 
lieu of the above, writing the name of the Re¬ 
public only. 

I am now a citizen of and intend to renounce al¬ 
legiance to the Repubic of . 


5 























SECOND PAPER. 

Special Notes. 

1. If the witnesses of the applicant are nat¬ 
uralized citizens they must produce certificates 
to that effect. 

2. The witnesses must be able to testify 
when, where and under what circumstances they 
were first acquainted with the applicant. 

3. If the applicant is unable to establish his 
entire residence by two witnesses within the 
State where he files his petition, his residence 
elsewhere within the United States may be es¬ 
tablished by depositions of two other witnesses, 
to cover the remainder of five years. 

4. The witnesses of the applicant must be 
able to testify to cover the full period of State 
residence. 

5. The witnesses of the applicant must ap¬ 
pear with him when he files his petition, also at 
the final examination which takes place ninety 
days after filing his petition. 

6. If the witnesses for any cause refuse to 
appear at the final examination the applicant may 
inform the Clerk of the Court to that effect. The 
Clerk will issue subpoenas for their appearance 
at the expense of the applicant. 

7. If the same witnesses who appeared at the 
time of the filing of the petition can not appear 
at the final examination for cause of sickness or 
for being beyond the jurisdiction of the Court, 
the applicant may substitute two other witnesses. 

8. If the applicant during his residence with¬ 
in the United States has returned to his native 
country only for a visit and can prove to the 
satisfaction of the Court that the same is true, 

6 


the time so used will be considered as a part of 
his continuous residence within the United 
States, provided he had not remained there over 
one year. 

PREREQUISITES. 

I . The applicant must be twenty-one years 
of age. 

II. The applicant must have for five years re¬ 
sided continuously within the United States. 

III. The applicant must have resided withm 
the State where he applies at least one year, im¬ 
mediately preceding his petition. 

IV. The applicant’s First Paper must be at 
least two years old. 

V. The applicant must produce his First 
Paper. 

VI. The applicant must request a Certificate 
of Arrival from the United States Department 
of Labor at Washington, D. C., before filing, if 
he arrived within the United States after June 
29, 1906. 

VII. The applicant must produce two wit¬ 
nesses, citizens of the United States who have 
known him for at least five years as a resident 
of the State in which petition is made, who will 
make affidavits that the applicant is a person ot 
good moral character. 

VIII. The applicant will be required to fill 
in a blank, which will also be furnished by the 
Clerk of the Court. If he is unable to fill in this 
blank he may obtain the assistance of some other 
person, and may fill in this blank at his leisure 
if he so desires. 

Note:—The applicant must pay a fee of Four 
dollars accompanving the following blank. 

7 


FACTS FOR PETITION FOR NATURAL¬ 
IZATION. 

U. S. Department of Labor 
Naturalization Service, Washington 

(Give here name used in Declaration of Intention 
and do not abbreviate any part of name by in¬ 
itial or otherwise.) 

1. My place of residence is:...,. 

2. My occupation is .. 

3. I was born on the .. day of.. 18.., 

at..., and my last foreign 

residence was... 

4. I emigrated to the United States from .... 

. ...... on or about the. 

day of.. I .., and arrived at the port 

of., ., on the. day of 

., I , on the vessel. 

5. I declared my intention to become a citizen 

of the United States on the.day of 

., I.at .. in the. 

Court of . 

6. I am. .. .married. My (husband’s) (wife’s) 

name (was) (is) . (He) (she) 

was bom in..., and 

(is now deceased.) (now resides at) .... 

... I have_child.., 

whose name.., date.. and place.. of 
birth, and place.. of residence are as fol¬ 
lows : 

., born.day of.. 

I.., at.; resides at. 


8 

































7- I am not a disbeliever in or opposed to or¬ 
ganized government or a member of or 
affiliated with any organization or body 
of persons teaching disbelief in organized 
government. I am not a polygamist nor 
a believer in the practice of polygamy. I 
am attached to the principles of the Con¬ 
stitution of the United States, and it is 
my intention to become a citizen of the 
United States and to renounce absolutely 
and forever all allegiance and fidelity to 
any foreign prince, potentate, state, or 

sovereignty, and particularly to .. 

.. of whom at this time I am a 

(citizen,) (subject,) and it is my inten¬ 
tion to reside permanently in the United 
States. 

8. I am.able to speak the English lan¬ 

guage. 

9. I have resided continuously in the United 

States since the.day of.. 

I. ., and in the (State) (Territory) (Dis¬ 
trict) of.since the.day of 

.. I.. 

10. I have.heretofore made petition for 

United States citizenship. 

(If petitioner has heretofore made application 
for citizenship, the facts required should be fully 
stated in the following blanks: 

I petitioned for citizenship to the. 

Court at..., on the.day 

of.. I.which was denied for the fol¬ 
lowing reason: . 


The cause of such denial has since been cured or 
removed. ^ 

















(Give names, occupations, and residence ad¬ 
dresses of two witnesses, citizens of the United 
States, who have known you for at least five 
years, last past, as a resident of the State in 
which petition is made, who will make affidavit 
that you are a person of good moral character, 
that you are qualified in every way to be admitted 
a citizen of the United States, and who will be 
present at hearing. If you have been a resident 
of the State wherein you apply for citizenship 
for over one year, and elsewhere in the United 
■States sufficiently long to complete a continuous 
residence therein of five years, you may establish 
:your entire residence within the State by two 
witnesses, citizens of the United States, and your 
residence elsewhere in the United States by 
depositions of two witnesses, as provided in Sec¬ 
tion 10 of the Naturalization Act of June 29, 
1906. The witnesses named by you to establish 
your residence within the State must appear with 
you on the day you petition to the clerk of court 
■cind be sworn as witnesses at that time.) 

. . .. . ..••• 

(Name.) (Occupation.) (Residence address.) 

.. . . 9 ... 

(Name.) (Occupation.) (Residence address.) 

(Names of witnesses who will be substituted 
by me if those appearing with me at the time of 
filing my petition for naturalization are unable 
to appear at the time of the hearing—) 

. . ... > . 

(Name.) (Occupation.) (Residence address.) 

. . . . • • 9 .•*•••» 

(Name.) (Occupation.) (Residence address.) 

I herewith present my Declaration of Intention 
to become a Citizen of the United States. 

10 














THE OATH 

After the final examination and the order of ad¬ 
mission to citizenship in Court of the applicant 
he will be required to take oath. 

OATH OF ALLEGIANCE. 

I hereby declare on oath that I absolutely and 
entirely renounce and abjure all allegiance and 
fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate, state, or 
sovereignty, and particularly to. 

of whom I have heretofore been a subject; that 
I will support and defend the Constitution and 
laws of the United States of America against all 
enemies, foreign and domestic; and that I will 
bear true faith and allegiance to the same. 

THE ISSUANCE 
of 

THE CERTIFICATE OF CITIZENSHIP. 

The Certificate of Citizenship will then be is 
sued to the applicant by the Clerk of the Court 

GENERAL INFORMATION 
SOLDIERS. 

Any person who has been honorably dis¬ 
charged from the Army of the United States 
and is twenty-one years of age may become a 
citizen without filing his Declaration of Inten¬ 
tion, or in other words, without his hirst Pa¬ 
per, provided that he has resided for one year 
within the United States prior to the filing 
of his Petition. 

SAILORS. 

4 ny person who has served five consecutive 
years in the United States Navy, or one enlist- 







ment in the United States Marine Corps, or 
who has completed four years in the Naval 
Auxiliary Service and has an honorable dis¬ 
charge may become a citizen of the United 
States without filing his Declaration of Inten¬ 
tion, or in other words, without his First 
Paper. 

SEAMAN. 

Any foreign born seaman may become a citi¬ 
zen of the United States by filing his Declaration 
of Intention and subsequently serving three 
years on board an American Merchant Vessel. 
He must produce an honorable discharge. 

WIDOW AND MINOR CHILDREN. 

When a person dies after filing his Declaration 
of Intention, or in other words after he takes 
out a First Paper, his wife and minor children 
may be naturalized on his Declaration of Inten¬ 
tion. 

\yiFE OF A NATURALIZED. 

The wife of a naturalized citizen is considered 
a citizen of the United States, provided that she 
is residing within the United States. 

THE GENERAL RULE. 

The general rule is that the citizenship of the 
wife follows that of the husband. 

LOST PAPERS. 

In order to secure a duplicate of a lost First 
Paper or Certificate of Naturalization, issued 
since September 26, 1906, the applicant is re¬ 
quired by law to make an affidavit as to when, 
how, and under what circumstances the same 
was lost. The affidavit is then submitted for its 
investigation to the United States Department of 
12 


Labor, Bureau of Naturalization, at Washington, 
D. C. The applicant may secure a duplicate if 
the Clerk is so authorized by the said Bureau, 
but not otherwise. 

NATURALIZATION LAWS. 

Any person who tries to secure naturalization 
papers by perjury or fraud, or aids to fraudu¬ 
lently secure by false representations, concern¬ 
ing same, or to have naturalization papers un¬ 
lawfully in his possession, will be subject to 
prosecution and shall be fined not more than 
five thousand dollars, or imprisoned not more 
than five years, or both. ^ 

CHANGING OF NAMES. 

Note:—The applicant must make the request 
at the time he files his petition. 

Any applicant who desires to have his name 
changed, the same can be done by order of the 
Court at the time of his admission to citizenship 
and his Certificate of Citizenship will be so is¬ 
sued. 

DATE OF ARRIVAL AND 
NAME OF THE STEAMSHIP. 

If the applicant does not know definitely the 
date of his arrival and the name of the Steam¬ 
ship he may obtain same by writing to the Com¬ 
missioner of Immigration at the port where he 
arrived within the United States. 

In order to obtain this information the appli¬ 
cant must give an approximate date of sailing 
and the name of the Steamship Company; the 
name of the port from where he sailed, and an 
approximate date of his arrival within the 
United States. 


13 


CERTIFICATE OF ARRIVAL. 

In order to request a Certificate of Arrival the 
applicant must fill in a blank which will be fur¬ 
nished by the Clerk of the Court and forward 
same to the United States Department of Labor 
at Washington, D. C. The said department may 
furnish the Clerk of the Court with the certifi¬ 
cate and notify the applicant also. 

QUALIFIED VOTER. 

I. The applicant must be on the assessor’s 
list, compiled by the assessors of the City or 
Town, which is compiled by the Police in Boston. 
This list contains the names of all males of 
twenty years of age or over. 

II. The applicant must be on the Voting List 
which is compiled from the Assessor’s List by 
the Registrars of Voters (by the Election Com¬ 
missioners in Boston). 

In order to be on the Voting List the natural¬ 
ized citizen must appear before the Registrars 
of Voters in his City or Town (Election Com¬ 
missioners in Boston), present his naturalization 
papers, and make oath that he is the person 
named therein. He will then be required to read 
a section of the Constitution and sign his name. 


QUESTIONS RELATING TO THE 
UNITED STATES, STATE, CITY, 
AND TOWN GOVERNMENTS 

THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. 
I. Q. What is the so-called United States? 

A. The United States is a federation of 
forty-eight States and six Terri¬ 
tories. 


14 



2. Q. What is the Capitol City of the United 

States ? 

A. Washington, D. C. 

3. Q. Who is the chief executive of the 

United States? 

A. The President. 

4. O. What form of government has the 

United States? 

A. Republican. 

5. Q. When was the Declaration of Indepen^ 

dence made? 

A. July 4, 1776. 

6. Q. What is the Constitution of the United 

States ? 

A. The fundamental law by which the 
United States is governed. 

7. Q. Who formulated the Constitution of 

the United States? 

A. The Representatives of the thirteen 
original States. 

8. Q. What were the Thirteen original 

States ? 

A. New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode 
Island, Connecticut, New York, 
Pennsylvania, Virginia, Delaware, 
Maryland, North Carolina, South 
Carolina, New Jersey, Georgia. 

9. Q. When was the Constitution of the 

United States adopted? 

A. September 17, 1787. 

10. Q. When did the Constitution of the 

United States go into effect? 

A. March 4, 1789. 

11. Q. What are the objects of the Constitu¬ 

tion ? 


15 


A. 


12. 

Q- 


A. 

13. 

Q- 

A. 

14. 

Q- 


A. 

15 - 

Q. 


A. 

16. 

Q- 

A. 

17. 

Q- 


A. 

18. 

Q. 


A. 

19 - 

Q- 


A. 


To form a more perfect union, estab¬ 
lish justice, insure domestic tranquil¬ 
ity, provide for the common defense, 
promote the general welfare and se¬ 
cure the blessings of liberty to our¬ 
selves and our posterity. 

Can the Constitution of the United 
States be amended or changed? 

Yes. 

Has the Constitution been amended? 

Yes. 

How many amendments have been 
made to the Constitution? 

Seventeen (17). 

What is the process of an amendment 
to the Constitution? 

Amendments to the Constitution must 
be passed by a two-thirds majority 
of the Congress, and approved by 
three-quarters of the State. 

What is the President”s term of office? 

Four (4) years. 

How are the President and Vice-Pres¬ 
ident elected? 

By the electors chosen by the voters of 
each State. 

Are any other officers of the United 
States Government elected in this 
manner. 

No. 

In case the electors failed to choose a 
President and Vice-President who 
shall then elect the President and 
Vice-President? 

The House of Representatives shall 
16 


choose the President and the Senate 
shall choose the Vice-President. 

20. Q. Where is the President’s official resi¬ 

dence ? 

A. In the White House, Washington, D. 

C. 

21. Q. When does the Presidential Election 

occur ? 

A. In November of every fourth year. 

22. Q. When are the President and Vice- 

President inaugurated? 

A. On the fourth day of March following 
the election, if it does not occur on 
Sunday; then, on the following day. 
^3- Q- What are the duties and the powers of 
the President? 

A. It is his duty, to either approve or veto 
the laws made by Congress and see 
that they are properly carried out. 

24. Q. What must the President do before a 

bill becomes a law? 

A. He must sign it. 

25. Q. Can he refuse to sign it? 

A. Yes. 

26. Q. How may a bill become a law, if the 

President refuses to sign it? 

A. If he does not return it to Congress ap¬ 
proved or vetoed within ten days, it 
becomes a law without his signature. 

27. Q. How may a bill become a law after 

the President has vetoed it? 

A. By a vote of at least two-thirds of the 
members of each House of Congress. 

28. Q. Who has the power to make treaties 

with foreign nations? 

17 


f 



A. 

The President with the advice and con¬ 
sent of the Senate. 

29. 

Q- 

Who are the chief assistants of the 
President ? 


A. 

The members of his Cabinet. 

30- 

Q- 

What is the Cabinet? 

A. 

A board of advisers to the President. 

31- 

Q. 

How many Cabinet officers are there? 

A. 

Ten (10). 

32 . 

Q- 

Should the President die, who becomes 
President? 

V 

A. 

The Vice-President. 

33- 

Q- 

Should the Vice-President die, who be¬ 
comes President? 


A. 

The members of the President’s Cabi¬ 
net in the order of their importance. 

34 . 

Q- 

Can the President be elected for more 
than two terms? 


A. 

Yes, but custom is opposed to his serv¬ 
ing more than two terms. 

35- 

Q- 

Can a person, born subject of a foreign 
government, be elected President of 
the United States? 


A. 

No. 

36 . 

Q- 

Can any citizen become President of 
the United States? 


A. 

No, he must be a native born American 
and must have been a resident of the 
United States at least fourteen (14) 



years and must be thirty-five 
years of age. 

37- 

Q- 

May a woman born in the United 
States become President of the 


United States? 

18 



A. 

Under the law, yes, but it has never 
occurred. 

38. 

Q. 

Into how many departments is the 
United States Government divided? 


A. 

Three (3). 

39 - 

Q. 

What are the three departments of the 
United States Government? 


A. 

The Legislative, Executive and Judi¬ 
cial. 

40. 

Q- 

What constitutes the Legislative De¬ 
partment? 

The Congress, consisting of the Senate 
and the House of Representatives. 


A. 

41. 

Q. 

What constitutes the Executive De¬ 
partment ? 


A. 

The President and his Cabinet. 

42. 

Q. 

What constitutes the Judicial Depart¬ 
ment? 


A. 

The United States Supreme Court and 
in such inferior court as the Con¬ 
gress may from time to time ordain 
and establish. 

43 - 

Q. 

How are the Judges of the United 
States Supreme Court appointed? 


A, 

By the President, with the consent of 
the Senate, and hold office for life or 
during good behavior. 

44. 

Q. 

What constitutes the United States 
Supreme Court? 


A. 

One Chief Justice and eight associate 


Justices. 

45 - Q- Where does the United States Supreme 
Court meet? 

A. At the Capitol, Washington, D. C. 

19 


46 . 

Q- 

What are the powers of the United 
States Supreme Court? 


A. 

To interpret and apply the laws, and 
determine their constitutionality. 

47- 

Q- 

To what cases do the judicial power 
extend ? 


A. 

The Constitution of the United States, 
Article 3, Section 2. 

48. 

Q- 

Who is the highest judicial officer of 
the United States? 


A. 

The Chief Justice of the United States 
Supreme Court. 

49- 

Q- 

Who makes the laws of the United 
States ? 


A. 

The Congress at Washington, D. C. 

50. 

Q- 

How many branches of Congress are 
there ? 


A. 

Two (2). 

51- 

Q- 

What are the two branches of Con¬ 
gress ? 


A. 

The Senate and the House of Repre¬ 
sentatives. 

52. 

Q- 

Who presides over the United States 
Senate ? 


A. 

The Vice-President. 

53- 

Q. 

How are the United States Senators 
elected ? 


A. 

By the voters of each State Direct. 

54- 

Q- 

How many Senators are there from 
each State ? 


A. 

Two (2). 

55- 

Q- 

What is the United States Senator’s 
term of office? 


A. 

Six (6) years. 


20 


56. Q. How old must a person be to be a 

United States Senator? 

A. Thirty (30) years old. 

57. Q. Who may become a United States 

Senator ? 

A. Any person who has attained the age 
of 30 years and been nine years a 
citizen of the United States and who 
is an inhabitant of the State from 
which he is chosen. 

58. Q. Who presides over the House of Rep¬ 

resentatives ? 

A. The House of Representatives elects 
its own speaker. 

59. Q. How are the members of the House of 

Representatives elected ? 

A. By the voters direct. 

60. Q. How many Representatives has each 

State ? 

A. This depends upon the population of 
the State, as each Representative at 
the present time represents about 
218,000 people. 

61. Q. If a State has not a population of 

218,000 people is it entitled to a 
Representative in Congress? 

A. Yes, at least one. 

62. Q. What is the United States Repre¬ 

sentative’s term of office? 

A. Two (2) years. 

63. Q. How old must a person be to be a 

United States Representative? 

A. Twenty-five (25) years old. 

64. Q. Who may become a United States 

Representative? 

21 




A. Any person who has attained the age 
of twenty-five (25) years and been 
seven years a citizen of the United 
States and who is an inhabitant of 
the State from which he is chosen. 

65. Q. How often does Congress meet? 

A. Once a year at least and oftener if 
called by the President. 

66. Q. On what day of the year does Congress 

meet? 

A. The first Monday of December. 

67. Q. Where does Congress meet? 

A. At Washington, D. C. 

68. Q. In what branch of Congress does a law 

originate ? 

A. In any branch, excepting all bills for 
raising revenue must originate in the 
House of Representatives. 

69. Q. What are the powers of Congress? 

A. The Congress makes the laws, imposes 
taxes and appropriates the money 
• for carrying on the purposes of the 
government. 

70. Q. Why do you wish to become a citizen 

of the United States? 

A. (Give your personal reasons.) 

THE STATE GOVERNMENT. 

1. Q. In what State do we live? 

A. Massachusetts. 

2. Q. What is the Capitol city of Massachu¬ 

setts ? 

A. Boston. 

3. Q. Who is the chief executive of this 

State ? 

A. The Governor. 


22 


4 . Q- 
A. 

s- Q- 

A. 


A Q. 
A. 

7 - Q- 
A. 


8 . Q. 

A. 
9 - Q. 

A. 

10 . Q. 
A. 

11. Q. 

A. 

12 . Q. 
A. 

13 - Q- 


How is the Governor elected? 

By the voters direct. 

Can any citizen become a Governor? 

Yes, provided he has been an inhab¬ 
itant of this Commonwealth seven 
years next preceding his election. 

What is the Governor’s term of office? 

One year. 

What are the duties and the powers of 
the Governor? 

It is his duty to either approve or veto 
the laws made by the Legislature and 
see that they are properly carried 
out. 

Into how many departments is the 
State government divided? 

Three (3). 

What are the three departments of the 
State government? 

The Legislative, Executive and Judi¬ 
cial. 

What constitutes the Legislative de¬ 
partment ? 

The State Legislature, consisting of 
the Senate and House of Representa¬ 
tives. 

What constitutes the Executive depart¬ 
ment? 

The Governor and his Council. 

What constitutes the Judicial depart¬ 
ment? 

The Supreme Judicial Court and vari¬ 
ous inferior Courts. 

Who are the chief assistants of the 
Governor ? 

2.3 


A. The Governor’s Council. 

14. Q. What is the Council? 

A. A board of advisers to the Governor. 

15. Q. What constitutes the Governor’s Coun- 

cil? 

A. Eight Councillors and the Lieutenant 
Governor. 

16. Q. How are they elected? 

A. By the voters in the various councillor 
districts. 

17. Q. Who makes the laws of this State? 

A. The State Legislature, also called (The 
General Court). 

18. Q. Who presides over the State Senate? 
A. The Senate elects its own president. 

19. Q. How are the State Senators elected? 

A. By the voters direct. 

20. Q. How many State Senators do we have ? 
A. Forty (40) Senators. 

21. Q. How long does a State Senator serve? 
A. One (i) year. 

22. Q. How old must a person be to be a State 

Senator? 

A. Twenty-one (21) years old. 

23. Q. Who may become a State Senator? 

A. Any voter who has been an inhabitant 
of the Commonwealth at least five 
years immediately preceding his 
election and of the District for which 
he shall be chosen. 

24. Q. Who presides over the State House 

of Representatives? 

A. The State House of Representatives 
elects its own speaker. 

24 


25- Q- 

A. 

26. Q. 
A. 


27- Q- 

A. 

28. Q. 
A. 

29- Q- 
A. 

30 . Q. 
A. 


1. Q 

A 

2 . Q 
A 

3- Q 
A 


How are the members of the State 
House of Representatives elected? 

By the voters direct. 

How many State Representatives do 
we have? 

Two hundred forty (240) Representa¬ 
tives. 

How many years does a State Repre¬ 
sentative serve? 

One (i) year. 

How old must a person be to be a 
State Representative? 

Twenty-one (21) years. 

Who may become a State Representa¬ 
tive? 

Any duly qualified voter. 

Who is a duly qualified voter for a 
State office? 

Any citizen who has resided one year 
within the Commonwealth and has 
been a resident within the town or 
district in which he claims the right 
to vote six calendar months next 
preceding any election of State offi¬ 
cers. See also the Constitution of 
the Commonwealth, Article 3 of 
Amendments. 

THE CITY GOVERNMENT. 

Who is the chief executive of a city? 

The Mayor. 

How is the Mayor elected? 

By the voters direct. 

Can any citizen become a Mayor? 

Yes, provided he is a duly qualified 
voter. 


25 



4- Q. What is the Mayor’s term of office? 

A. Usually one (i) year; in Boston four 
(4) years. 

5. 0. What are the duties and the powers of 

the Mayor? 

A. His duties are determined by the city 
charter. 

6. Q. Who makes the city ordinances? 

A. The Board of Aldermen and the Com¬ 
mon Council. In Boston the Mayor 
and the City Council. 

7. Q. How are the members of the Board of 

Aldermen elected? 

A. By the voters direct. 

S. Q. How many years do the members of 
the Board of Aldermen serve? 

A. One (i) year unless otherwise pro¬ 
vided by a city charter. 

9. Q. How long do the members of the Com¬ 
mon Council serve? 

A. One (i) year. 

THE TOWN GOVERNMENT. 

HOW IS A TOWN GOVERNED? 

By a Board of Selectmen elected by the voters 
at their annual town meeting to serve for one 
year. 


HISTORICAL DATES AND EVENTS 

1. Christopher Columbus discovered America, 

October 12, 1492. 

2. The Spanish settled at St. Augustine, Flor¬ 
ida, 1565. 

The English settled at Jamestown, 1607. 

26 


3 - 



4- The Dutch settled at New York, 1613. 

5. The Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, Decem¬ 

ber 21, 1620. 

6. The Stamp Act, 1765. 

7. The Boston Massacre, March 5, 1770. 

8. The Boston Tea Party, December 16, 1773. 

9. The first Continental Congress, held in 

Philadelphia, September 5, 1774. 

10. The Midnight ride of Paul Revere, April 

18 , I77S- 

11. The Battle of Lexington and Concord, 

April 19, 1775. 

12. George Washington took command of the 

American Army at Cambridge, July 3, 

1775. 

13. The Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775. 

14. The British evacuated Boston, March 17^ 

1776. 

15. The Declaration of Independence, July 4 

1776. 

16. The British defeated at Trenton, Christma; 

night, 1776. 

17. George Washington, with his army, passed 

the winter at Valley Forge, 1777 and 
1778. 

18. The American Independence acknowledged 

by France, February 6, 1778. 

19. The French fleet arrived in Narragansei 

Bay to extend assistance to the Ameri¬ 
cans, July 29, 1778. 

20. Lord Cornwallis surrendered the British 

Army at Yorktown, October 19, 1781. 

21. The Treaty of Peace signed at Paris by 

American and British Ministers, Sep¬ 
tember 3, 1783. 

27 


22. The Constitution of the United States 

adopted at Philadelphia, September 17, 
1787. 

23. George Washington inaugurated the first 

President of the United States in New 
York, April 30, 1789. 

24. George Washington died at Mt. Vernon, 

Virginia, December 14, I 799 - 

25. The United States declared war on Tripoli, 

June 19, 1801. 

26. The Louisiana purchase from France, April 

30, 1803. 

27. The Treaty of Peace signed with Tripoli, 

June 4, 1805. 

28. The first steamboat, built by Robert Fulton, 

“The Clermont,” ascended the Hudson 
river in 1807. 

29. The United States declared war on Eng¬ 

land, June 19, 1812. 

30. The Perry victory over the British fleet on 

Lake Erie, September 10, 1813. 

31. Treaty of Peace signed, December 24, 1814. 

32. The United States declared war on Mexico, 

May II, 1846. 

33. Mexico surrendered, September 8, 1847. 

34. Treaty of Peace signed, February 2, 1848. 

35. Abraham Lincoln inaugurated President, 

March 4, 1861. 

36. Fort Sumter fired upon by Confederates, 

April 12, 1861. 

37. The battle of Bull Run, Va., July 21, 1861. 

38. The battle between Monitor and Merrimac, 

March 9, 1862. 

39. The battle of Gettysburg, July i, 2 and 3 

1863. 


28 


40. Kearsarge sank Alabama off the coast of 

France, June 19, 1864. 

41. Lee surrendered at Appomattox, April 9, 

1865. 

42. Abraham Lincoln assassinated, April 14, 

1865. 

43. The United States battleship Maine blown 

up in Havana Harbor, Cuba, February 
15, 1898. 

44. The United States declared war on Spain, 

April 19, 1898. 

45. American fleet under Admiral Dewey, de¬ 

stroyed Spanish fleet in Manila Bay, May 
I, 1898. 

46. The battle of Eli Caney and San Juan Hill, 

July I, 2, 1898. 

47. American fleet under Commodore Schley 

destroyed Spanish fleet at Santiago, July 
3, 1898. 

48. Santiago surrendered to General Shafter, 

July 17, 1898. 

49. Porto Rico captured by General Miles, July 

17, 1898. 

50. Treaty of Peace signed, December 10, 1898. 

51. Congress appropriated four hundred mil¬ 

lion dollars to build the Panama Canal. 

52. Panama Canal completed and first vessel 

passed through. May, 1914. 

PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES 

1. George Washington, Virginia, 1789—1797. 

2. John Adams, Massachusetts, 1797—1801. 

3. Thomas Jefferson, Virginia, 1801—1809. 

4. James Madison, Virginia, 1809—1817. 

5. James Monroe, Virginia, 1817—1825. 

29 



6. John Quincy Adams, Massachusetts, 1825— 

1829. 

7. Andrew Jackson, Tennessee, 1829—1837. 

8. Martin Van Buren, New York, 1837—1841. 

9. William H. Harrison, Ohio, (one month in 

office and died) 1841. 

10. John Tyler, Virginia, (balance of term) 

1841—1845. 

11. James K. Polk, Tennessee, 1845—1849. 

12. Zachary Taylor, Louisiana, (i year and 4 

months in office and died) 1849—1850. 

13. Millard Fillmore, New York, (balance of 

term) 1850—1853. 

14. Franklin Pierce, New Hampshire, 1853— 

1857- 

15. James Buchanan, Pennsylvania, 1857—1861. 

16. Abraham Lincoln, Illinois, (one term and 6 

weeks) 1861—1865. 

Andrew Johnson, Tennessee, (balance of 



term) 1865—1869. 

18. Ulysses S. Grant, Illinois, 1869—1877. 

19. Rutherford B. Hayes, Ohio, 1877—1881. 

20. James A. Garfield, Ohio, (6 months, 15 days 

in office and died) 1881. 

21. Chester A. Arthur, New York, (3 years, 5 

months, 15 days in office and died) 1881 
—1885. 

22. Grover Cleveland, New York, 1885—1889. 

23. Benjamin Harrison, Indiana, 1889—1893. 

24. Grover Cleveland, New York, 1893—1897. 

25. William McKinley, Ohio, (one term and 

part of second) 1897—1901. 

26. Theodore Roosevelt, New York, 1901— 

1909. 

27. William H. Taft, Ohio, 1909—1913. 

28. . Woodrow Wilson, New Jersey, 1913. 


30 


DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 
IN CONGRESS. 

July 4, 1776. 

THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION 

of the 

THIRTEEN UNITED STATES OF 
AMERICA. 

When, in the course of human events, it be¬ 
comes necessary for one people to dissolve the 
political bands which have connected them with 
another, and to assume, among the powers of 
the earth, the separate and equal station to which 
the laws of nature and of nature’s God entitle 
them, a decent respect to the opinions of man¬ 
kind requires that they should declare the causes 
which impel them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that 
all men are created equal, that they are endowed, 
by their Creator, with certain unalienable rights, 
that among these are life, liberty, and the pur¬ 
suit of happiness. That to secure these rights, 
governments are instituted among men, deriving 
their just powers from the consent of the gov¬ 
erned, that whenever any form of government 
becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right 
of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to in¬ 
stitute a new government, laying its foundation 
on such principles, and organizing its powers in 
such form as to them shall seem most likely to 
effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, in¬ 
deed, will dictate, that governments long estab¬ 
lished should not be changed for light and tran¬ 
sient causes; and accordingly all experience hath 
shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, 
31 


while evils are sufferable, than to right them¬ 
selves by abolishing the forms to which they are 
accustomed. But when a long train of abuses 
and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same 
object, evinces a design to reduce them under 
absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their 
duty, to throw off such government, and to pro¬ 
vide new guards for their future security. Such 
has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies, 
and such is now the necessity which constrains 
them to alter their former systems of govern¬ 
ment. The history of the present King of Great 
Britain is a history of repeated injuries and 
usurpations, all having in direct object the estab¬ 
lishment of an absolute tyranny over these 
States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a 
candid world. 

He has refused his assent to laws, the most 
wholesome and necessary for the public good. 

He has forbidden his governors rto pass laws 
of immediate and pressing importance, unless 
suspended in their operation till his assent should 
be obtained; and when so suspended, he has ut¬ 
terly neglected to attend to them. 

He has refused to pass other laws for the ac¬ 
commodation of large districts of people, unless 
those people would relinquish the right of repre¬ 
sentation, in the legislature, a right inestimable 
to them, and formidable to tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at . 
places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from 
the depository of their public records, for the 
sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance 
with his measures. 

He has dissolved representative houses re- 
32 


peatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his 
invasions on the rights of the people. 

He has refused for a long time, after such dis¬ 
solutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby 
the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, 
have returned to the people at large for their 
exercise; the State remaininsf. in the mean time, 
exposed to all the dangers of invasion from 
without and convulsions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population 
of these States; for that purpose obstructing the 
laws for naturalization of foreigners; refusing 
to pass others to encourage their migration 
hither, and raising the conditions of new appro¬ 
priations of lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of jus¬ 
tice by refusing his assent to laws for establish¬ 
ing judiciary powers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will 
alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the 
amount and payment of their salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and 
sent hither swarms of officers to harass our 
people, and eat out their substance. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, 
standing armies, without the consent of our leg¬ 
islatures. 

He has afifected to render the military inde¬ 
pendent of and superior to the civil power. 

He has combined with others to subject us to 
a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and 
unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent 
to their acts of pretended legislation: 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops 
among us: 


For protecting them, by a mock trial, from 
punishment for any murders which they should 
commit on the inhabitants of these States: 

For cutting olf our trade with all parts of the 
world: 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent: 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the bene¬ 
fits of trial by jury: 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for 
pretended offenses: 

For abolishing the free system of English laws 
in a neighboring province, establishing therein 
an arbitrary government, and enlarging its 
boundaries, so as to render it at once an example 
and fit instrument for introducing the same ab¬ 
solute rule into these Colonies: 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our 
most valuable laws, and altering fundamentally 
the forms of our governments: 

For suspending our own legislatures, and de¬ 
claring themselves invested with power to legis¬ 
late for us in all cases whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here, by declar¬ 
ing us out of his protection, and waging war 
against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, 
burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our 
people. 

He is, at this time, transporting large armies 
of foreign mercenaries to complete the works ot 
death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun, 
with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy,' 
scarcely parelleled in the most barbarous ages! 
and totally unworthy the head of a civilized na¬ 
tion. 


34 


He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken 
captive on the high seas, to bear arms against 
their country, to become the executors of their 
friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by 
their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections 
amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on the 
inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian 
savages, whose known rule of warfare is an un¬ 
distinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and 
conditions. 

In every stage of these oppressions we have 
petitioned for redress in the most humble terms: 
our repeated petitions have been answered only 
by repeated injury. A prince whose character is 
thus marked by every act which may define a 
tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in attention to our 
British brethren. We have warned them, from 
time to time, of attempts by their legislature to 
extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. 
We have reminded them of the circumstances of 
our emigration and settlement here. We have 
appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, 
and we have conjured them by the ties of our 
common kindred to disavow these usurpations, 
which would inevitably interrupt our connexions 
and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf 
to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We 
must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which 
denounces our separation and hold them, as we 
hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in 
peace, friends. 

We, therefore, the Representatives of the 
United States of America, in General Congress 
35 


assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of 
the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, 
in the name, and by the authority of the good 
people of these Colonies, solemnly publish and 
declare. That these United Colonies are, and of 
right ought to be, free and independent States; 
that they are absolved from all allegiance to the 
British crown, and that all political connexion 
between them and the State of Great Britain is", 
and ought to be, totally dissolved; and that as 
free and independent States, they have full 
power to levy war, conclude peace, contract al¬ 
liances, establish commerce, and to do all other 
acts and things which independent States may 
of right do. And for the support of this declara¬ 
tion, with a firm reliance on the protection of 
Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each 
other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred 
honor. 

JOHN HANCOCK. 

Georgia—Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, Geo. 
Walton. 

South Carolina—Edward Rutledge, Thos. 
Heyward, junr., Thomas Lynch, junr., Arthur 
Middleton. 

Virginia—George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, 
Thos. Jefferson, Benj. Harrison, Thos. Nelson, 
Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton. 

Delaware—Caesar Rodney, Geo. Read, Tho. 
M’Kean. 

New Jersey—Richd. Stockton, Jno. Wither¬ 
spoon, Fras. Hopkinson, John Hart, Abra. Clark. 

Massachusetts Bay—Sami. Adams, John 
Adams, Robt. Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry. 

36 


North Carolina—Wm. Hooper, Joseph Hewes, 
John Penn. 

Maryland—Samuel Chase, Wm. Paca, Thos. 
Stone, Charles Carroll of Carrollton. 

Pennsylvania—Robt. Morris, Benjamin Rush, 
Benja. Franklin, John Morton, Geo. Clymer, Jas. 
Smith, Geo. Taylor, James Wilson, Geo. Ross. 

New York—Wm. Floyd, Phil. Livingston, 
Fran’s. Lewis, Lewis Morris. 

New Hampshire—^Josiah Bartlett, Wm. Whip¬ 
ple, Matthew Thornton. 

Connecticut—Roger Sherman, Sami. Hunting- 
ton, Wm. Williams, Oliver Wolcott. 

Rhode Island and Providence, etc.—Step. 
Hopkins, William Ellery. 

IN CONGRESS, 

January i8, 1777. 


Ordered : 

That an authenticated copy of the Declaration 
of Independence, with the names of the Mem¬ 
bers of Congress subscribing the same, be sent 
to each of the United States, and that they be 
desired to have the same put on record. 

By order of Congress. 

JOHN HANCOCK, 

President. 


Attest, Chas. Thomson, 
Secy. 


A true copy, 

John Hancock, 

Preside 


-37 


THE CONSTITUTION OF THE 
UNITED STATES 

We, the people of the United States, in order 
to form a more perfect union, establish justice, 
insure domestic tranquility, provide for the com¬ 
mon defense, promote the general welfare, and 
secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and 
our posterity, do ordain and establish this con¬ 
stitution for the United States of America. 
ARTICLE 1 . 

Section i. 

I. All legislative powers herein granted shall 
be vested in a congress of the United States, 
which shall consist of a senate and house of rep¬ 
resentatives. 

Section 2. 

1. The house of representatives shall be com¬ 
posed of members chosen every second year by 
the people of the several States; and the electors 
in each State shall have the qualifications requi¬ 
site for electors of the most numerous branch of 

„the State legislature. 

2. No person shall be a representative who 
shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five 
years, and been seven years a citizen of the 
United States, and who shall not, when elected, 
be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall 
be chosen. 

3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be 
apportioned among the several States which may 
be included within this Union, according to their 
respective numbers, which shall be determined 
by adding to the whole number of free persons, 
including those bound to service for a term of 
years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three- 

38 




fifths of all other persons. The actual enumera¬ 
tion shall be made within three years after the 
first meeting of the congress of the United 
States, and within every subsequent term of ten 
years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. 
The number of representatives shall not exceed 
one for every thirty thousand, but each State 
shall have at least one representative; and until 
such enumeration shall be made, the State of 
New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose 
three: Massachusetts, eight; Rhode Island, and 
Providence Plantations, one; Connecticut, five; 
New York, six; New Jersey, four; Pennsyl¬ 
vania^ eight; Delaware, one; Maryland, six; 
Virginia, ten; North Carolina, five; South Caro^ 
lina, five; and Georgia, three. 

4. When vacancies happen in the representa¬ 
tion from any State, the executive authority 
thereof shall issue writs of election to all such 
vacancies. 

5. The house of representatives shall choose 
their speaker and other officers, and shall have 
the sole power of impeachment. 

Section 3. 

1. The senate of the United States shall be 
composed of two senators from each State, chos- 
en by the legislature thereof, for six years, and 
each senator shall have one vote 

2. Immediately after they shall be assembled 
in consequence of the first election, they shall 
be divided as equally as may be into three class¬ 
es. The seats of the senators of the first class 
shall be vacated at the expiration of the second 
year, of the second class at the expiration of the 
fourth vear, and of the third class at the ex- 

39 


piration of the sixth year, so that one-third may 
be chosen every second year; and if vacancies 
happen, by resignation or otherwise, during the 
recess of the legislature of any State, the execu¬ 
tive thereof, may make temporary appointments 
until the next meeting of the legislature, which 
shall then fill such vacancies. 

3. No person shall be a senator who shall 
not have attained to the age of thirty years, and 
been nine years a citizen of the United States, 
and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabit¬ 
ant of that State for which he shall be chosen. 

4. The vice-president of the United States 
shall be president of the senate, but shall have 
no vote unless they be equally divided. 

5. The senate shall choose their other offi¬ 
cers, and also a president pro tempore in the ab¬ 
sence of the vice-president, or when he shall ex¬ 
ercise the office of president of the United States. 

6. The senate shall have the sole power to 
try all impeachments. When sitting for that 
purpose they shall be on oath or affirmation. 
When the president of the United States is tried, 
the chief justice shall preside; and no person 
shall be convicted without the concurrence of 
two-thirds of the members present. 

7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall 
not extend further than to removal from office, 
and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office 
of honor, trust, or profit under the United 
States; but the party convicted, shall, neverthe¬ 
less, be liable and subject to indictment, trial 
judgment, and punishment, according to law. 

Section 4. 

I. The times, places, and manner of holding 
elections for senators and representatives shall 
40 


be prescribed in each State by the legislature 
thereof; but the congress may at any time by 
law make or alter such regulations, except as 
to places of choosing senators. 

2. The congress shall assemble at least once 
in every year; and such meeting shall be on the 
first Monday in December, unless they shall by 
law appoint a different day. 

Section 5. 

1. Each house shall be the judge of the elec¬ 
tions, returns, and qualifications of its own mem¬ 
bers, and a majority of each shall constitute a 
quorum to do business; but a smaller number 
may adjourn from day to day, and may be au¬ 
thorized to compel the attendance of absent 
members, in such manner and under such penal¬ 
ties as each house may provide. 

2. Each house may determine the rules of its 
proceedings, punish its members for disorderly 
behavior, and with the concurrence of two-thirds 
expel a member. 

3. Each house shall keep a journal of its 
proceedings, and from time to time publish the 
same, excepting such parts as may, in their judg¬ 
ment, require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of 
the members of either house on any question 
shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, 
be entered on the journal. 

4. Neither house, during the session of con¬ 
gress, shall, without the consent of the other, 
adjourn for more than three days nor to any 
other place than that in which the two houses 
shall be sitting. 

Section 6. 

I. The senators and representatives shall re- 
41 


ceive a compensation for their services, to be as¬ 
certained by law and paid out of the treasury of 
the United States. They shall, in all cases except 
treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be 
privileged from arrest during their attendance 
at the session of their respective houses and in 
going to and returning from the same; and for 
any speech or debate in either house they shall 
not be questioned in any other place. 

2. No senator or representative shall during 
the time for which he was elected, be appointed 
to any civil office under the authority of the 
United States, which shall have been created, or 
the emoluments whereof shall have been in¬ 
creased, during such time; and no person hold¬ 
ing any office under the United States shall be 
a member of either house during his continu¬ 
ance in office. 

Section 7. 

1. All bills for raising revenues shall origi¬ 
nate in the house of representatives; but the 
senate may propose or concur with amendments 
as on other bills. 

2. Every bill which shall have passed the 
house of representatives and the senate, shall, 
before it become a law, be presented to the presi¬ 
dent of the United States; if he approve he shall 
sign it, but if not, he shall return it, with his ob¬ 
jections, to that house in which it shall have 
originated; who shall enter the objections at 
large on their journal and proceed to reconsider 
it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of 
that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall 
be sent, together with the objections, to the other 
house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, 

42 


and, if approved by two-thirds of that house, it 
shall become a law. But in all such cases the 
votes of both houses shall be determined by 
yeas and nays, and the names of the persons 
voting for and against the bill shall be entered 
on the journal of each house respectively. If any 
bill shall not be returned by the president within 
ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have 
been presented to him, the same shall be a law 
in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the 
congress, by their adjournment, prevent its re¬ 
turn, in which case it shall not be a law. 

3. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which 
the concurrence of the senate and house of rep¬ 
resentatives may be necessary (except on a 
question of adjournment), shall be presented to 
the president of the United States; and, before 
the same shall take effect, shall be approved by 
him; or, being disapproved by him, shall be re¬ 
passed by two-thirds of the senate and house of 
representatives, according to the rules and limit¬ 
ations prescribed in the case of a bill. 

Section 8. 

The congress shall have power: 

1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, 
and excises; to pay the debts and provide for the 
common defense and general welfare of the 
United States; but all duties, imposts, and ex¬ 
cises shall be uniform throughout the United 
States. 

2. To borrow money on the credit of the 
United States. 

3. To regulate commerce with foreign na¬ 
tions, and among the several States, and with 
the Indian tribes. 


43 


4- To establish an uniform rule of naturaliza¬ 
tion, and uniform laws on the subject of bank¬ 
ruptcies throughout the United States. 

5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, 
and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of 
weights and measures. 

6. To provide for the punishment of coun¬ 
terfeiting the securities and current coin of the 
United States. 

7. To establish post-offices and post-roads. 

8. To promote the progress of science and 
useful arts, by securing for limited times, to au¬ 
thors and inventors, the exclusive right to their 
respective writings and discoveries. 

9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the su¬ 
preme court; to define and punish piracies and 
felonies committed on the high seas, and of¬ 
fenses against the law of nations. 

10. To declare war, grant letters of marque 
and reprisal, and make rules concerning cap¬ 
tures on land and water. 

11. To raise and support armies; but no ap¬ 
propriation of money to that use shall be for a 
longer term than two years. 

12. To provide and maintain a navy. 

13. To make rules for the government and 
regulation of the land and naval forces. 

14. To provide for calling forth the militia 
to execute the laws of the Union, suppress in¬ 
surrections, and repel invasions. 

15. To provide for organizing, arming, and 
disciplining the militia, and for governing such 
part of them as may be employed in the service 
of the United States; reserving to the States re¬ 
spectively the appointment of the officers and the 

44 


authority of training the militia according to 
the discipline prescribed by congress. 

16. To exercise exclusive legislation in all 
cases whatsoever, over such district (not ex¬ 
ceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of 
particular States, and the acceptance of congress, 
become the seat of the government of the United 
States; and to exercise like authority over all 
places purchased, by the consent of the legis¬ 
lature of the State in which the same shall be, 
for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, 
dockyards, and other needful buildings; and 

17. To make all laws which shall be necessary 
and proper for carrying into execution the fore¬ 
going powers, and all other powers vested by 
this constitution in the government of the United 
States, or in any department or officer thereof. 

Section 9. 

1. The migration or importation of such per¬ 
sons as any of the States now existing shall think 
proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the 
congress prior to the year one thousand eight 
hundred and eight; but a tax or duty may be 
imposed on such importation not exceeding ten 
dollars for each person. 

2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus 
shall not be suspended, unless when, in cases of 
rebellion or invasion, the public safety may re¬ 
quire it. 

3. No bill of attainder, or ex post facto law 
shall be passed. 

4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be 
laid, unless in proportion to the census or enu¬ 
meration hereinbefore directed to be taken. 

5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles 
exported from any State. No preference shall 


be given by any regulation of commerce or rev¬ 
enue to the ports of one State over those of 
another; nor shall vessels bound to or from one 
State be obliged to enter, clear or pay duties in 
another. 

6. No money shall be drawn from the treas¬ 
ury but in consequence of appropriations made 
by law; and a regular statement and account of 
the receipts and expenditures of all public money 
shall be published from time to time. 

7. No title of nobility shall be granted by the 
United States; and no person holding any office 
of profit or trust under them shall, without the 
consent of the congress, accept of any present, 
emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever, 
from any king, prince, or foreign State. 

Section 10. 

1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alli¬ 
ance, or confederation; grant letters of marque 
and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; 
make anything but gold and silver coin a tender 
in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, 
ex post facto law, or law impairing the obliga¬ 
tion of contracts; or grant any title of nobility. 

2. No State shall, without the consent of the 
congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports 
or exports, except what may be absolutely neces¬ 
sary for executing its inspection laws, and the 
net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any 
State on imports or exports shall be for the use 
of the treasurv of the United States, and all 
such laws shall be subject to the revision and 
control of the congress. No State shall, without 
the consent of congress, lay any duty on tonnage, 
keep troops or ships of war in time of peace. 


enter into any agreement or compact with an¬ 
other State, or with a foreign power, or engage 
in war, unless actually invaded, or in such im¬ 
minent danger as will not admit of delay. 

ARTICLE 11 . 

Section i. 

1. The executive power shall be vested in a 
president of the United States of America. He 
shall hold his office during the term of four 
years; and, together with the vice-president 
chosen for the same term, be elected as follows: 

2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner 
as the legislature thereof may direct, a number 
of electors equal to the whole number of senators 
and representatives to which the State may be 
entitled in the congress; but no senator or rep¬ 
resentative, or person holding an office of trust 
or profit under the United States, shall be ap¬ 
pointed an elector. 

3. (The electors shall meet in their respect¬ 
ive States, and vote by ballot for two persons, of 
whdm one at least shall not be an inhabitant of 
the same State with themselves. And they shall 
make a list of all the persons voted for, and of 
the number of votes for each; which list they 
shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the 
seat of government of the United States, directed 
to the president of the senate. The president of 
the senate shall, in the presence of the senate 
and house of representatives, open all the cer¬ 
tificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The 
person having the greatest number of votes shall 
be the president, if such number be a majority 
of the whole number of electors appointed; and 
if there be more than one who have such majori- 

47 


ty, and have an equal number of votes, then the 
house of representatives shall immediately 
choose by ballot, one of them for president; and 
if no person have a majority, then, from the five 
highest on the list, the said house shall, in like 
manner, choose the president. But in choosing 
the president, the vote shall be taken by States, 
the representation from each State having one 
vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of 
a member or members from two-thirds of the 
States, and a majority of all the States shall be 
necessary to a choice. In every case, after the 
choice of the president, the person having the 
greatest number of votes of the electors shall be 
the vice-president. But if there should remain 
two or more who have equal votes, the senate 
shall choose from them, by ballot, the vice-presi¬ 
dent.)* 

*This paragraph has been superseded and an¬ 
nulled by the 12th amendment. 

4. The congress may determine the time of 
choosing the electors, and the day on which they 
shall give their votes, which day shall be the 
same throughout the United States. 

5. No person, except a natural born citizen, 
or a citizen of the United States at the time of 
the adoption of this constitution, shall be eligible 
to the office of president; neither shall any per¬ 
son be eligible to that office who shall not have 
attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been 
fourteen years a resident within the United 
States. 

6. In case of the removal of the president 
from office, or of his death, resignation, or in¬ 
ability to discharge the powers and duties of the 

48 


said office, the same shall devolve on the vice- 
president ; and the congress may, by law, provide 
for the case of removal, death, resignation, or 
inability, both of the president and vice-president, 
declaring what officer shall then act as president; 
and such officer shall act accordingly, until the 
disability be removed, or a president shall be 
elected. 

7. The president shall, at stated times, re¬ 
ceive for his services a compensation which shall 
neither be increased nor diminished during the 
period for which he shall have been elected; and 
he shall not receive within that period any other 
emolument from the United States, or any of 
them. 

8 . Before he enter on the execution of his 
office, he shall take the following oath or affirm¬ 
ation : 

do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will 
faithfully execute the office of President of the 
United States; and will, to the best of my abil¬ 
ity, preserve, protect, and defend the constitu¬ 
tion of the United States.” 

Section 2. 

1. The president shall be commander-in-chief 
of the army and navy of the United States, and 
of the militia of the several States, when called 
into the actual service of the United States. He 
may require the opinion, in writing, of the prin¬ 
cipal officer in each of the executive departments, 
upon any subject relating to the duties of their 
respective offices; and he shall have power to 
grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against 
the United States, except in cases of impeach¬ 
ment. 

2. Pie shall have power, by and with the ad- 

49 


vice and consent of the senate, to \nake treaties, 
provided two-thirds of the senators present con¬ 
cur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the 
advice and consent of the senate shall appoint, 
ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, 
judges of the supreme court, and all other offi¬ 
cers of the United States whose appointments 
are not herein otherwise provided for, and which 
shall be established by law. But the congress 
may, by law, vest the appointment of such in¬ 
ferior officers as they think proper, in the presi¬ 
dent alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads 
of departments. 

3. The president shall have power to fill up 
all vacancies that may happen during the recess 
of the senate, by granting commissions which 
shall expire at the end of their next session. 

Section 3. 

I. He shall, from time to time, give to the 
congress information of the state of the Union, 
and recommend to their consideration such 
measures as he shall judge necessary and ex¬ 
pedient. He may, on extraordinary occasions, 
convene both houses, or either of them; and in 
case of disagreement between them, with respect 
to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn 
them to such time as he shall think proper. He 
shall receive ambassadors and other public min¬ 
isters. He shall take care that the laws be faith¬ 
fully eecxuted; and shall commission all the offi¬ 
cers of the United States. 

Section 4. 

I. The president, vice-president, and all civil 
officers of the United States, shall be removed 
from office on impeachment for, and conviction 
50 


of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and 
misdemeanors. 

ARTICE III. 

Section i. 

I. The judicial power of the United States 
shall be vested in one supreme court, and in such 
inferior courts as the congress may, from time to 
time, ordain and establish. The judges, both 
of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold 
their offices during good behavior; and shall, at 
stated times, receive for their services a com¬ 
pensation, which shall not be diminished during 
their continuance m office. 

Section 2. 

1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases 
in law and equity arising under this constitution, 
the laws of the United States, and treaties made, 
or which shall be made, under their authority; 
to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public 
ministers, and consuls; to all cases of admiralty 
and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to 
which the United States shall be a party; to con¬ 
troversies between two or more States; between 
a State and citizens of another State; between 
citizens of different States; between citizens of 
the same State claiming lands under grants of 
different States, and between a State, or the citi¬ 
zens thereof, and foreign States, citizens or sub¬ 
jects. 

2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other 
public ministers and consuls, and those in which 
a State shall be a party, the supreme court shall 
have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases 
before mentioned, the supreme court shall have 
appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, 


with such exceptions and under such regulations 
as the congress shall make. 

3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of 
impeachment, shall be by jury, and such trial 
shall be held in the State where the said crimes 
shall have been committed; but when not com¬ 
mitted within any State, the trial shall be at such 
place or places as the congress may by law have 
directed. 

Section 3. 

1. Treason against the United States shall 
consist only in levying war against them or in 
adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and 
comfort. No person shall be convicted of treas¬ 
on unless on the testimony of two witnesses to 
the same overt act, or on confession in open 
court. 

2. The congress shall have power to declare 
the punishment of treason; but no attainder of 
treason shall work corruption of blood, or for¬ 
feiture, except during the life of the person at¬ 
tainted. 

ARTICLE IV. 

Section i. 

I. Full faith and credit shall be given in 
each State to the public acts, records, and judi¬ 
cial proceedings of every other State; and the 
congress may, by general laws, prescribe the 
manner in which such acts, recgrds, and proceed¬ 
ings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 

Section 2. 

1. The citizens of each State shall be en¬ 
titled to all privileges and immunities of citi¬ 
zens in the several States. 

2. A person charged in any State with treas- 

52 


on, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from 
justice, and be found in another State, shall, on 
demand of the executive authority of the State 
from which he fled, be delivered up, to be re¬ 
moved to the State having jurisdiction of the 
crime. 

3. No person held to service or labor in one 
State under the laws thereof, escaping into an¬ 
other, shall, in consequence of any law or regu¬ 
lation therein, be discharged from such service 
or labor; but shall be delivered up on claim of 
the party to whom such service or labor may be 
due. 

Section 3. 

1. New States may be admitted by the con¬ 
gress into this Union; but no new State shall be 
formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any 
other State, nor any State be formed by the 
junction of two or more States or parts of States, 
without the consent of the legislatures of the 
States concerned, as well as of the congress. 

2. The congress shall have power to dispose 
of and make all needful rules and regulations 
respecting the territory or other property be¬ 
longing to the United States; and nothing in 
this constitution shall be so construed as to 
prejudice any claims of the United States, or of 
any particular State. 

Section 4. 

I. The United States shall guarantee to 
every State in this Union a republican form of 
government, and shall protect each of them 
against invasion; and, on application of the legis¬ 
lature, or of the executive (when the legislature 
cannot be convened), against domestic violence. 

53 


ARTICLE V. 

I. The congress, whenever two-thirds of both 
houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose 
amendments to this constitution; or, on applica¬ 
tion of the legislatures of two-thirds of the sev¬ 
eral States, shall call a convention for proposing 
amendments which, in either case, shall be valid 
to all intents and purposes, as part of this con¬ 
stitution, when ratified by the legislatures of 
three-fourths of the several States, or by con¬ 
ventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or 
the other mode of ratification may^ be proposed 
by the congress; provided that no amendment, 
which may be made prior to the year one thou¬ 
sand eight hundred and eight, shall in any man¬ 
ner aflfect the first and fourth clauses in the 
ninth section of the first article; and that no 
State, without its consent, shall be deprived of 
its equal suffrage in the senate. 

ARTICLE VI. 

1. All debts contracted and engagements en¬ 
tered into before the adoption of this constitu¬ 
tion shall be as valid against the LFnited States 
under this constitution, as under the confedera¬ 
tion. 

2. This constitution, and the laws of the 
United States which shall be made in pursuance 
thereof, and all treaties made, under the author¬ 
ity of the United States, shall be the supreme 
law of the land; and the judges in every State 
shall be bound thereby, any thing in the consti¬ 
tution or laws of any State to the contrary not¬ 
withstanding. 

3. The senators and representatives before 
mentioned and the members of the several State 
legislatures, and all executive and judicial offi- 

04 


cers, both of the United States and of the sev¬ 
eral States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation 
to support this constitution; but no religious test 
shall ever be required as a qualification to any 
office or public trust under the United States. 

ARTICLE VII. 

I. The ratification of the .conventions of nine 
States shall be sufficient for the establishment 
of this constitution between the States so rati¬ 
fying the same. 

Done in convention by the unanimous 
consent of the States present, the seven¬ 
teenth day of September, in the year 
of our Lord one thousand seven hun¬ 
dred and eighty-seven, and of the Inde¬ 
pendence of the United States of Amer¬ 
ica the twelfth. In witness whereof we 
have hereunto subscribed our names. 

Go: WASHINGTON, 
Presidt, and Deputy from Virginia. 
New 'Hampshire:—John Langdon, 

Nicholas Gilman. 

Massachusetts :—NathViniel Gorham, 

Rufus King. 

Connecticut:—Wm. Sami. Johnson, 
Roger Sherman. 

New York:—Alexander Hamilton. 

New Jersey:—Wil: Livingston, Wm. 
Paterson, David Brearley, Jona: 
Dayton. 

Pennsylvania:—B. Franklin, Robt. 
Morris, Thomas Fitzsimons, James 
Wilson, Thomas Mifflin, Geo. Cly- 
, Jared Ingersoll, Gouv Morris. 
55 


mer, 


Delaware:—Geo: Read, John Dickin¬ 
son, Jaco: Broom, Richard Bas¬ 
sett, Gunning Bedford, Jun. 
Maryland:—James McHenry, Danl. 

Carroll, Dan of St. Thos. Jenifer. 
Virginia:—John Blair, James Madison, 

Jr. 

North Carolina:—Wm. Blount, Hu 
Williamson, Richd. Dobbs Spaight. 
South Carolina:—J. Rutledge, Charles 
Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth 
Pinckney, Pierce Butler. 

Georgia:—William Few, Abr. Bald¬ 
win, 

Attest: WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary 


AMENDMENTS 

TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE 
UNITED STATES. 

The following amendments were proposed at 
the first session of the first congress of the 
United States, which was begun and held at the 
city of New York on the 4th of March, 1789, 
and were adopted by the requisite number of 
States. Laws of the U. S., vol. i, page 82. 

(The following preamble and resolution pre¬ 
ceded the original proposition of the amend¬ 
ments, and as they have been supposed to have 
an important bearing on the construction of 
those amendments they are here inserted. They 
will be found in the journals of the first session 
of the first congress.) 

CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES 
Begun and held at the city of New York, on 

56 



Wednesday, the 4th day of March, 1780 

Ihe conventions of a number of the States 
having, at the time of their adopting the con¬ 
stitution, expressed a desire, in order to prevent 
misconstruction or abuse of its powers, that fur- 
ther declaratory and restrictive clauses should 
be added, and as extending the ground of public 
confidence in the government will best insure 
the beneficent ends of its institution: 

Resolved, By the Senate and House of Repre¬ 
sentatives of the United States of America, in 
congress assembled, two-thirds of both houses 
concurring, that the following articles be pro¬ 
posed to the legislatures of the several States, 
as amendments to the constitution of the United 
States; all or any of which articles, when rati¬ 
fied by three-fourths of the said legislatures, to 
be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of 
the said constitution, namely: 

ARTICLE I * 

Congress shall make no law respecting an es¬ 
tablishment of religion, or prohibiting the free 
exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of 
speech or of the press; or the right of the people 
peaceably to assemble, and to petition the gov¬ 
ernment for a redress of grievances. 

ARTICLE IL 

A well-regulated militia being necessary to the 
security of a free State the right of the people 
to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. 

ARTICLE III. 

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered 
in any house without the consent of the owner, 
nor in time of war but in a manner to be pre¬ 
scribed by law. 


57 


ARTICLE IV. 

The right of the people to be secure in their 
persons, houses, papers, and effects, against un¬ 
reasonable searches and seizures, shall not be 
violated; and no warrants shall issue but upon 
probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, 
and particularly describing the place to be 
searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 

ARTICLE V. 

No person shall be held to answer for a capital 
or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a pre¬ 
sentment or indictment of a grand jury, except 
in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in 
the militia, when in actual service in time of 
war or public danger; nor shall any person be 
subject for the same offense to be twice put in 
jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled 
in any criminal case, to be a witness against 
himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or prop¬ 
erty, without due process of law; nor shall pri¬ 
vate property be taken for public use without 
just compensation. 

ARTICLE VI. 

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall 
enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by 
an impartial jury of the State and district where¬ 
in the crime shall have been committed, which 
district shall have been previously ascertained by 
law; and to be informed of the nature and cause 
of the accusation; to be confronted with the wit¬ 
nesses against him; to have compulsory process 
for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have 
the assistance of counsel for his defense. 
ARTICLE VIL 

In suits at common law, where the value in 
58 


controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the 
right of trial by jury shall be preserved; and no 
fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-exam¬ 
ined in any court of the United States, than ac¬ 
cording to the rules of the common law.* 

*This affects only United States Courts. 

ARTICLE VIII. 

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor ex¬ 
cessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual pun¬ 
ishments inflicted. 

' ARTICLE IX. 

The enumeration in the constitution of certain 
rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage 
others retained by the people. 

ARTICLE X. 

The powers not delegated to the United States 
by the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the 
States, are reserved to the States respectively, or 
to the people. 

(The following amendment was proposed at 
the second session of the third congress. It is 
printed in the Laws of the United States, vol. i, 
p. 73, as article ii.) 

ARTICLE XL 

The judicial power of the United States shall 
not be construed to extend to any suit in law or 
equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of 
the United States by citizens of another State, 
or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State. 

(The three following sections were proposed 
as amendments at the first session of the eighth 
congress. They are printed in the laws of the 
United States as article 12.) 

59 


ARTICLE XII. 


I. The electors shall meet in their respective 
States, and vote by ballot for president and vice- 
president, one of whom at least shall not be an 
inhabitant of the same State with themselves. 
They shall name in their ballots the person voted 
for as president, and in distinct ballots the per¬ 
son voted for as vice-president, and they shall 
make distinct lists of all persons voted for as 
president, and of all persons voted for as vice- 
president, and of the number of votes for each; 
which lists they shall sign and certify, and trans¬ 
mit sealed to the seat of the government of the 
United States, directed to the president of the 
senate. The president of the senate shall, in the 
presence of the senate and house of represent¬ 
atives, open all the certificates, and the votes 
shall then be counted. The person having the 
greatest number of votes for president shall be 
the president, if such number be a majority of 
the whole number of electors apointed; and if 
no person have such majority, then from the per¬ 
sons having the highest numbers, not exceeding 
three, on the list of those voted for as president, 
the house of representatives shall choose immedi¬ 
ately, by ballot, the president. But in choosing 
the president, the votes shall be taken by States, 
the representation from each State having one 
vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of 
a member or members from two-thirds of the 
States, and a majority of all the States shall be 
necessary to a choice. And if the house of rep¬ 
resentatives shall not choose a president, when¬ 
ever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, 
before the fourth day of March next following, 
60 


then the vice-president shall act as president, as 
in the case of the death or other constitutional 
disability of the president. 

2. The person having the greatest number 
of votes as vice-president shall be the vice-presi¬ 
dent, if such number be a majority of the whole 
number of electors apointed, and if no person 
have a majority, then from the two highest num¬ 
bers on the list the senate shall choose the vice- 
president. A quorum for the purpose shall con¬ 
sist of two-thirds of the whole number of sena¬ 
tors, and a majority of the whole number shall 
be necessary to a choice. 

3. But no person constitutionally ineligible to 
the office of president shall be eligible to that of 
vice-president of the United States. 

ARTICLE XIII.* 

Section i. 

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, 
except as a punishment for crime, whereof the 
party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist 
within the United States, or any place subject 
to their jurisdiction. 

Section 2. 

Congress shall have power to enforce this ar¬ 
ticle by appropriate legislation. 

*Proposed by Congress February i, 1865- 
Ratification announced by Secretary of State, 
December 18, 1865. 

ARTICLE XIV.** 

Section i. 

All persons born or naturalized in the United 
States, and subject to the jurisdiction therof, 
61 


are citizens of the United States and of the State 
wherein they reside. No State shall make or 
enforce any law which shall abridge the privi¬ 
leges or immunities of citizens of the United 
States; nor shall any State deprive any person of 
life, liberty, or property, without due process of 
law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdic¬ 
tion the equal protection of the laws. 

Section 2. 

Representatives shall be apportioned among 
the several States according to their respective 
numbers, counting the whole number of persons 
in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But 
when the right to vote at any election for the 
choice of electors for president and vice-presi¬ 
dent of the United States, representatives in con¬ 
gress, the executive and judicial officers of a 
State, or the members of the legislature thereof, 
is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such 
State, being twenty-one years of age, and citi¬ 
zens of the United States, or in any way ab¬ 
ridged, except for participation in rebellion or 
other crime, the basis of representation therein 
shall be reduced in the proportion which the 
number of such male citizens shall bear to the 
whole number of male citizens twenty-one years 
of age in such State. 

Section 3. 

No person shall be a senator or representative 
in congress, or elector of president and vice- 
president, or hold any office, civil or military 
under the United States, or under any State, 
who, having previously taken an oath as a mem* 
ber of Congress, or as an officer of the United 
States, or as a member of any State legislature, 
62 


or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, 
to support the constitution of the United States, 
shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion 
against the same, or given aid or comfort to the 
enemies thereof. But congress may, by a vote of 
two-thirds of each house, remove such disability. 

Section 4. 

The validity of the public debt of the United 
States authorized by law including debts in¬ 
curred for payment of pensions and bounties for 
services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, 
shall not be questioned. But neither the United 
States nor any State shall assume or pay any 
debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection 
or rebellion against the United States, or any 
claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; 
but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall 
be held illegal and void. 

’•'*Proposed by Congress June 16, 1866. Rati¬ 
fication announced by Secretary of State, July 
28, 1868. 

Section 5. 

The congress shall have power to enforce, by 
appropriate legislation, the provisions of this ar¬ 
ticle. 

ARTICLE XV.* 

Section i. 

The right of citizens of the United States to 
vote shall not be denied or abridged by the 
United States or by any State on account of race, 
color, or previous condition of servitude. 

Section 2. 

The congress shall have power to enforce this 
article by appropriate legislation. 

63 


ARTICLE XVL* 

The Congress shall have power to lay and col¬ 
lect taxes on incomes, from whatever source de¬ 
rived, without apportionment among the several 
states, and without regard to any census or enu¬ 
meration. 


ARTICLE XVIL** 

The Senate of the United States shall be com¬ 
posed of two Senators from each State, elected 
by the people thereof, for six years; and each 
Senator shall have one vote. The electors in 
each State shall have the qualifications requisite 
for electors of the most numerous branch of the 
State legislatures. When vacancies happen in 
the representation of any State in the Senate, the 
executive authority of such State shall issue 
writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, 
That the legislature of any State may empower 
the executive thereof to make temporary ap¬ 
pointments until the people fill the vacancies by 
election as the legislature may direct. This 
amendment shall not be so construed as to aflfect 
the election or term of any Senator chosen be¬ 
fore it becomes valid as part of the Constitution. 


64 



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